DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MAGWAY

1. History of Department

The University of Medicine, Magway was opened on 22^nd May 2001.The Department of Microbiology was set up and opened on March, 2003. The third M.B, B.S (5/2003) course was started on 5^th May, 2003 when the first batch (intake) of students reached the third year. There were 384 students in third M.B,B.S course at that time. Students were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) and each group was rotated to University of Medicine, Magway for lectures on non-clinical subjects and to teaching hospitals for clinical posting. The Master course was started in December, 2010. The Ph.D (Medical Microbiology) course was started in January,2018.

Academic Staff from Department of Microbiology

 

3. Former Heads of Department

1. Professor Dr. Thida. M.B., B.S, D.Bact, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology),

Ph.D. (Microbiology). Dip.Med.Ed, Professor and Head, 2003-2005

2. Professor Dr. Nyein Nyein. M.B., B.S, D.Bact, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology),

Ph.D. (Microbiology). Professor and Head, 2005-2009

3. Professor Dr. Win Win Maw. M.B.,B.S, Ph.D.(Shimane,Japan)(Microbiology), FACTM(Australia), Dip.Med.Ed. Professor and Head, 2009 – 2013,January
4. Professor Dr. Wah Win Htike. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed,  Professor and Head,2013, January – 2013,July
5. Professor Dr.Cho Cho Oo. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed, FACTM(Australia), Professor and Head, 2013 – 2015
6. Professor Dr. Mya Mya Aye. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed,  Professor and Head,2.4.2015 – 7.10.2016
7. Professor Dr. Khin Nwe Nwe Oo. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed, Professor and Head, 2017,May – 2019
8. Professor Dr. Myint Myint Sein. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed, Professor and Head, 2019 – 2022
9. Professor Dr. Aye Marlar Win. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology), Dip.Med.Ed, Professor and Head, 2022 – 17.9.2023

 

4. Current Head of Department

     10. Professor Dr. Hnin Zi. M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc (Microbiology), Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology),   

             Dip.Med.Ed, Professor and Head, 18.9.2023 – up to now

5. Department Aims

Knowledge:

To impart knowledge of the basic principles of bacteriology, virology, mycology, immunology and parasitology including the nature of pathogenic microorganisms, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of diseases common in the country.

Skill:         

To acquire requisite skill in the use and care of basic microbiological equipment; performance of basic laboratory procedures in microbiology and parasitology; proper collection and forwarding of microbiological and parasitological specimens to the laboratory.

Attitude:

1. To maintain an interest in the study of medical microbiology, immunology and parasitology by appreciating its role in promotive, preventive and curative medicine with special reference to the microbial and parasitic diseases common in Myanmar.
2. To establish essential habits of continuing self-learning through critical reading and evaluation of information in the above mentioned fields.
3. To demonstrate development of sound attitudes in relation to the role of medical microbiology in clinical and community medicine.
4. To appreciate the professional and personal development in respective field.

 

6. Objectives

Objectives for Undergraduate Students

By the end of the course, undergraduate students will be able to:

1. Describe the structure, classification, growth, and cultivation of microorganisms.
2. Explain the basic principles of microbial genetics and antimicrobial resistance.
3. Discuss the role of microorganisms in disease causation, transmission, and prevention.
4. Describe the microbiological and clinical aspects of bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases.
5. Apply fundamental microbiological knowledge to the understanding of common infectious diseases encountered in clinical practice.

 

Objectives for Postgraduate Candidates

At the completion of the program, postgraduate candidates should be able to:

1. Explain the clinical and microbiological aspects of bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and molecular biology.
2. Interpret microbiological findings relevant to clinical diagnosis and patient management.
3. Apply microbiological and molecular biological principles in community and clinical medicine.
4. Integrate microbiological knowledge into promotive, preventive, and curative healthcare practices.
5. Evaluate current developments and advances in medical microbiology and molecular biology.
6. Apply microbiological knowledge in research, teaching, and professional practice.
7. Contribute to the prevention, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases in community and healthcare settings.

 

7. Prescribed Texts and References

1. Abbas,A.K., Lichtman,A.H. &Pillai,S. (2023).  Basic Immunology. 7^th Ed. Elsevier.
2. Abbas,A.K., Lichtman,A.H. &Pillai,S. (2025).  Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 11^th Ed. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Carroll,K.C, Hobden,J.A. and Miller,S. (2026) . Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical

Microbiology.29^th Ed, McGraw-Hill Education.

4. Chatterjee, K.D. (2025). Parasitology: Protozoology And Helminthology  13^th Ed. CBS

             Publishers & Distributors Private Limited.

5. Goering, R., Dockrell, H., Zuckerman, M. and Chiodini, P.(2023). Mims' Medical

Microbiology. 13^th Ed

6. Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S. and Pfaller, M.A.(2020). Medical microbiology, 9^thEd.

            Elsevier.

 7.  Ryan,K.J., Ahmad,N. and Alspaugh,J.A. et.al.(2026). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 10^thEd.  

8. Departmental Research Themes

1. Win-Win-Maw, Khin-Saw-Myint, Hnin Zi, Thida-Nwe and May-Kyi-Aung 

Bacteriological study of squids marketed in two townships of Yangon, Myanmar

2. Khin-Thuzar-Htwe, The-The-Minn, Thin-Thin-Mar, Mya-Mya-Lwin, Win-Win-Maw and    

Mg- Mg-Win Detection of Intestinal Parasitic Infestation among Primary School Children, Magway

3. Win-Win-Maw, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Cho-Cho-Nwe, Nyein-Ei-Phyu, Thandar-Win-Maung, Wint-   Wint-Phyu, Soemoethu-Win, Hla-Sein

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Infection in Medical students

4. Nan-Nwe-Win, Win-Win-Maw, Khin-Thuzar-Htwe, Hla-Nu-Kyi, Hla-Sein, Soe-Moe-Thu- Win  

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of pathogens isolated from septicemic neonates - Magway General Hospital

5. Win-Win-Maw, Soe-Moe-Thu-Win, Hla-Sein, Nilar-San, Khine-Mar-Oo, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Thandar-Win-Maung

Knowledge, attitudes, and perception of Third MBBS students of University of Medicine - Magway regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection

6. Win-Win-Maw, Than-Than-Aye, Swe-Swe-Hnin, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Nyein-Ei-Phyu

Knowledge of first MBBS students of University of Medicine - Magway regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection

7. Win-Win-Maw, Mya-Mya-Lwin , Soe-Moe-Thu-Win, Hla-Sein, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Cho-Cho-Nwe, Nang-Khin-Saw-Nyunt, Zaw-Linn-Aung

Anti-streptolysin O levels in Normal Adult Population – Magway

8. Thet-Nwe-Oo, Yi-Yi-Myint, Su-Nyunt-Lwin, Myint-Ko-Ko-Oo, May-Myat-Thu and Mya-Mya-Aye

Awareness on Hepatitis B Virus infection among First Year Medical Students at University of Medicine Magway

9. Wint-Wint-Phyu, Myo-Pa-Pa-Thet-Hnin-Htwe-Aung, Toe-Sandar, Wai-Wai-Min, Soe-Min-Htike and Mya-Mya-Aye

Seropositivity of Leptospira among Agriculture Workers in Pwint Phyu Township, Magway

10. Toe-Sandar, Myo-Pa-Pa-Thet-Hnin-Htwe-Aung, Wai-Wai-Min, Yi-Yi-Myint, Su-Nyunt-Lwin and Mya-Mya-Aye

Hepatitis B viral infection status among first year medical students from University of Medicine, Magway

11. Hlaing-Hlaing-Thaw, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Aye-Thida-Win, May-Myat-Thu, Khin-Nwe-Nwe-Oo

Hepatitis B Serological Status of First Year M.B., B.S Students in University Of Medicine, Magway

12. Hlaing-Hlaing-Thaw, Tin-Zar-Khaing and Myint-Myint-Sein

A Study of Enteric Bacteria and Parasitic Eggs from Stool of the Food Handlers in University of Medicine, Magway

13. Aye-Thida-Win, Thet-Nwe-Oo and Myint-Myint-Sein

Nasal Colonization of Staphylococcus species and Their Antibiogram among Food Handlers from Canteen in University of Medicine, Magway

14. Kyaw-Zwa, Thet-Nwe-Oo, Wint-Wint-Phyu and Hnin-Zi

Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination on Mobile Phones of Medical Students, Teaching Staff, and Non-Teaching Staff in the Department of Microbiology 

9. Program structures

Courses

1. Undergraduate course –Introductory Course

Period of study – 6 days (6hrs/day x 6 days) = 36 hrs

Method of teaching:

Method of teaching	Lecture	SGD	TBL	Practical/Demonstration	Assessment	Total Hours
Teaching hours	17	11	3	4	1	36

Contents: Core curriculum

General microbiology: Introduction and general properties of microorganisms, Classification of microorganisms, Bacterial physiology, Principle of diagnostics microbiology,  Sterilization and Disinfection, Microbial Pathogenicity, Infection and Mode of Transmission, Morphology & Staining, Bacteriological Culture Media,  Bacterial genetic and resistance to antimicrobial drugs    

2. Undergraduate course – Medical Year 1 and Medical Year 2

      Teaching hours for Microbiology subject

No.	Module	Lecture	Practical	SGD	SDL	Microbiology Teaching Hours
1.	Genetic	-	-	-	-	-
2.	Musculoskeletal and Skin	5	3	2	2	12
3.	Cardiovascular	4	2	2	2	10
4.	Respiratory	11	1	4		16
5.	Gastrointestinal, Liver and Nutrition	17	1	9	3	30
6.	Endocrine	-	-	-	-	-
7.	Haematology	3	-	3	3	9
8.	Immunology	25	1	9	9	44
9.	Reproductive and Renal	12	4	7	3	26
10.	Neurology and Mental Health	6	2	2	2	12

Content:  Microbiology curriculum for Medical Year 1 and Medical Year 2

Systematic bacteriology:

 Staphylococci, Streptococci, The Neisseriae, Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacilli – Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae – Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Vibrios, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Haemophilus, Spirochaetes, Chlamydiae, Leptospira,

Bordetella, Brucella

Virology:

Poxviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Polyomaviruses and Papillomaviruses, Hepatitis Viruses, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Myxoviruses, Rubella Virus, Coronaviruses, Picornaviruses,  Arboviruses, Roboviruses, Rabies Virus, Oncogenic Viruses, Viruses associated with acute Gastroenteritis in Human, Slow Viruses and Prions  

Immunology:

The Immune system, Non-specific defense mechanisms, Antigen, Antibody and Antigen-antibody reactions, The complement system, MHC, Immunity, Immune response, Hypersensitivity, Cytokines, Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy, Apoptosis, Tumor Immunology

Medical parasitology:

1. Protozoa :Entamoeba, Giardia, Trichomonas, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Opportunistic Protozoa, Haemoflagellates
2. Helminths

Nematodes – Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, Hook Worm, Strongyloides, Wuchereria

Cestodes – Taenia, Hymenolepis, Echinococcus

Trematodes

Mycology:

Superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis, Systemic mycosis, Opportunistic mycosis

 

(C) Postgraduate course [ M.Med.Sc (Microbiology) ]

1. Title of the Course: M.Med.Sc (Microbiology)

     Began in December, 2010

 2. Aim & Objectives

Aim: To provide postgraduate master's candidates with a comprehensive understanding of the clinical and microbiological aspects of bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and molecular biology, and their applications in community and clinical medicine, with emphasis on promotive, preventive, and curative healthcare.

Objectives:

1. To impart up to date knowledge in bacteriology, virology, immunology, parasitology, mycology and molecular biology and also the essentials of medical statistics and epidemiology;
2. To teach laboratory skills in the above disciplines at the university and at affiliated places of learning;
3. To encourage research culture and activity;
4. To improve communication and English language skills by means of journal reading, presentations, seminars and discussions;
5. To promote application of knowledge and skills to community and clinical medicine;
6. To integrate the knowledge of microbiology with related disciplines.

3. Duration of the course: Three years

A total of 3 years is required for training.

First year     - Structured taught course, Summative assessment

Second year - Block posting and protocol presentation

Third year    - Research and dissertation writing, Summative assessment

Extension can be granted six months at a time up to one year (total 4 year)

4. Training Programme

1. First year Course

Competency

Students should be able to:

1. demonstrate advanced knowledge and understanding of the nature of viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi and basic criteria used in the classification/taxonomy of these micro-organisms; the modes of transmission; the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and the outcomes of infections
2. demonstrate knowledge of the laboratory diagnosis of microbial diseases

and practical skills;

     3.  demonstrate research skills

     4.  demonstrate advanced knowledge and understanding of antimicrobial

          resistance emergence, detection and reporting, including an understanding 

          of the nature and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and the implications

          of these findings on treatment, infection control, antimicrobial 

          stewardship.

      5. carry out a range of advanced laboratory techniques

      6. demonstrate lifelong learning in the areas of science, health care and 

          public health care advances

 (First Year Course) Programme structure: 44 weeks

At the Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine Magway (24 weeks)

Bibliographical methods, General Microbiology, Systematic

Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology, Applied

Microbiology, Public Health Microbiology, Medical Entomology,

Molecular Biology, Medical Statistics and Epidemiology

Teaching Methods; didactic lectures, discussions, Seminars, presentations, journal reading, clinical, research and practical laboratory work. Conferences and symposiums, scientific talks (local and international)

2. Second Year Course

Objectives

Students should be able to:

1. devise and conduct an effective system of laboratory management to ensure  quality processing and reporting of samples;
2. coordinate laboratory and clinical information including the appropriate and cost-effective collection of samples for further investigation and management of microbial treatment-related problems and participate in antimicrobial stewardship activities;
3. advise clinicians regarding test selection, interpretation and clinical application of microbial test results;
4. participate in infection control and public health activities to promote the well-being of patients and the community, including advocacy for the appropriate use of vaccinations to control the spread of disease;
5. facilitate and initiate research activities;
6. show antimicrobial stewardship by supporting, developing teaching, participation in and implementation of antimicrobial control policy in the training institution.

Block Postings

1. Clinical Microbiology Section (YGH /NOGH/MGH/MCH/MRH/Waibargi Specialist Hospital) (17 weeks)
2. National/Public Health Laboratory (Ygn/ Mdy) (9 weeks)
3. Department of Medical Research (Ygn) (9 weeks)
4. Department of Food and Drug Administration (Ygn) (1 week)
5. TB control (Ygn/ Mdy) (1 week)
6. Mingaladon Specialist Hospital/ Mdy Specialist Hospital (1 week)

3. Third Year Course

This course comprises entirely of research work and writing up of the dissertation.

Objectives

At the end of training period the trainees should be able to:-

1. formulate research questions

2. plan investigations and interpret the results

3. discuss the finding

Dissertation

Candidate who passes the first year examination is required to prepare his/her protocol, present and defend it during the first three months of second year. The candidate will be allowed to do preparation for research such as ordering chemicals, reagents and test kits while studying in block postings (NHL/PHL, DMR, FDA, National TB lab, Hospitals and Specialist Hospitals) during the second-year course.

Starting from the beginning of the third year, candidate will conduct research work and writing up of the dissertation which must be submitted to the Board of Studies (Microbiology) by the last week of September. The dissertation will be assessed by three examiners on the research aspect, background knowledge and the style and format of the dissertation. After major or minor amendments have been done as required, four copies of the final bound version of the dissertation must be submitted by the end of December, together with a CD version. The final official result must be approved by the rector and must be posted before 31^st December of that year.

Academic Calendar for M.Med.Sc (Microbiology) 3 - year Course

Academic months	First Year	Second Year	Third Year
January February March	Structured taught course General Microbiology Bacteriology Immunology	Protocol preparation, presentation and defend (within the first 3 months)	Research Dissertation submission (end of  September)
April May June July August September October	Virology Molecular biology Parasitology Mycology Entomology Public Health microbiology Applied microbiology Nosocomial infections Medical ethics Laboratory management Medical statistics and epidemiology Research methodology course	Block posting Hospitals DMR, FDA, NHL/PHL National TB Lab Specialist Hospitals Preparation for research
November	Revision on course		Revision on course
December	Summative assessment - Theory – 4 papers (10 out of 12 Short Essay Question) - Supple Exam (3 monthly for two times) - Round exam: 6 monthly for two times)		Summative assessment - Theory – 4 papers (4 out of 6 Essay Questions) - Practical - Viva - Supple Exam     (6 monthly)

5. Assessment

5.1 First Year (Summative assessment) usually conducts in December for the 

Four Theory Paper of (100) marks

A common Final Examination for the first year course, for the standardization

of all universities in which a convener system is adopted. This will consist of contributions from the Chairpersons of the M.Med.Sc (Microbiology) Board of Studies of each University, that is, University of Medicine (1), University of Medicine (Mandalay), University of Medicine (2), University of Medicine (Magway), University of Medicine (Taunggyi) and Defence Service Medical Academy.

(1) Number of Papers – four

(2) For each paper:

Content/System

Paper (1) – General Microbiology, General Bacteriology and General Virology

Paper (2) – Basic Immunology   

Paper (3) – Basic Molecular biology

Paper (4) – General Mycology and General Parasitology

Type of question

A choice of 10 out of 12 short essay Questions for each Paper,

Total Time allowed - 3 hours

(3) Marking Scheme for each paper

Theory

- 10 marks for each question

- 100 percent for each paper

At least an average of 60% should be obtained for clear pass. Two more attempts can be made at three monthly intervals (for the failed paper) if the student fails in one or two papers (not less than 40% score) during the first attempt. The candidate will, however, proceed to the second year in the meantime so that the course will not be interrupted.

If a student fails more than two papers or badly fails in one paper (< 40%), he or she will be considered as a round student and will have to sit for the exam after six months.

5.2 Second Year (Formative assessment)

Evaluation will be made before the end of the second year.

It is a formative assessment for feedback and appropriate action for further improvement as required.

Continuous assessment (40%) for Block posting

5.3 Third year (Summative assessment) (60%)

Usually conducts in December of the year.

Four Theory Papers of (100) marks

A common Final Examination for the third year course, for the standardization of all universities in which a convener system is adopted.

This will consist of contributions from the Chairpersons of the M.Med.Sc (Microbiology) Board of Studies of each University, that is, University of Medicine (1), University of Medicine (Mandalay), University of Medicine (2), University of Medicine (Magway), University of Medicine (Taunggyi) and Defense Service Medical Academy.

(1) Number of Papers – four

(2) For each paper:

Content/System

Paper (1) – Applied Microbiology and Clinical Bacteriology

Paper (2) – Advanced Molecular Biology and Clinical Immunology

Paper (3) – Clinical Mycology and Clinical Virology

Paper (4) – Public Health Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology 

Type of question

A choice of 4 out of 6 Essay Questions for each Paper, Question No.1

being compulsory (1 each from each University – No compulsory for 2 Universities)

Number of questions

Paper (1) Applied  Microbiology (compulsory) - 1

               Clinical Bacteriology - 5

Paper (2) Advanced Molecular Biology (compulsory) - 1

              Clinical Immunology - 5

Paper (3) Clinical Mycology (compulsory) - 1

               Clinical Virology - 5

Paper (4) Public Health Microbiology (compulsory) - 1

              Clinical Parasitology - 5

Total Time allowed - 3 hours

(3) Marking Scheme for each paper

Theory

- 100 marks for each question

- 100 percent for each paper

Practical

 (a) Components

    - 4 components (Bacteriology, Immunology, Parasitology, Virology)

(b) Time allowed - Two and half days

(c) Marking Scheme

    - 100 marks for each component

    - Total 100%

Viva

 (1) Number of Viva stations/tables

      - Only one grand viva table in the Professor and Head’s room.

      - All examiners (co-examiners and external examiners) must be

         present for each and every candidate.

(2) Total time allowed –30-40 minutes for each candidate (7-10 minutes for

      each main component, that is, Bacteriology: general, systematic, applied,

      Virology, Immunology/Molecular Biology and Parasitology).

(3) Marking scheme – 100 marks for each component.

     - All heads and second-in-line from the Microbiology Departments of

       other Universities of Medicine will be co-examiners.

     - Representatives from Hospital Laboratories will also be co-Examiners

     - Two external examiners

Weightage

1.  Continuous assessment (40%) – will be included in the final count.

       portfolio (4), journal presentations four times (16), research (8), involvement in     

       academic teaching(4), attending seminars & scientific talks(8)

2. Third year (Summative assessment --- 60%) counted from

      Theory – 100 marks for each paper

      Practical – 100 marks for each component

      Viva voce – 100 marks for each component

      Pass Marks – 60 marks

      Distinction – 80 marks

      Credit Marks – The candidate must score 70 marks or more in all four components      

      (i.e. Bacteriology, Virology, Immunology/Molecular Biology & Parasitology) –   

      comprising an average of theory, practical & viva marks.

      Compartment system is implemented. Students must pass in all compartments

      (theory, practical and viva compartment)

      At least an average of 60% should be obtained for clear pass. Two more attempts   

      can be made at six monthly intervals (for the failed paper) if the student fails in

      one or two papers (not less than 40% score) during the first attempt. If a student    

      fails more than two papers or badly fails in one paper (<40%), he or she will be

      considered as a round student and have to sit for exam after six months.

      If a round student fails again in one or two papers (not less than 40% score),   

      he/she will have to sit for a supplementary exam for the failed subject(s) 6

      months later. If a round student fails again in more than two subjects or badly

      fails with less than 40% score in at least one failed subject, he/she will have to

      sit for another round exam 6 months later.

      The student will leave the course after total of three unsuccessful attempts.

    Criteria for the degree:

1. 60% pass mark

   40% in the continuous assessment
2. 60% in the summative assessment
3. Satisfactory for dissertation (60% marks)

    Governance

1. Board of Studies

     Members of the M.Med.Sc (Microbiology) Board of Studies consist of:

     1.1. Heads of the Department of Microbiology from the five Universities of  

            Medicine, namely, University of Medicine (1); University of Medicine,    

            Mandalay; University of Medicine (2); University of Medicine Magway,    

            University of Medicine (Taunggyi) and Defense Services Medical Academy.

      1.2. Representatives from Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar

      1.3. Representatives from National Health Laboratory, Yangon

      1.4. Consultant Microbiologists from the Hospital Laboratories

      1.5. Representatives from Food and Drug Administration

      1.6. Second line faculty member from the respective Department of Microbiology    

            to act as Secretary

(D) Microbiology teaching for M.Med.Sc (Pathology)

1. Title of the Course: M.Med.Sc (Pathology) began in 2009

2. Aim & Objectives

Aim

            To provide postgraduate master candidates with an overview of the clinical and microbiological aspects of bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology and the application of these subjects to clinical medicine.

Objectives

1. To impart up-to-date knowledge in bacteriology, virology, immunology, parasitology, 

            mycology, applied microbiology and public health microbiology.

2. To teach laboratory skills in the above disciplines at the university and at affiliated places of   

             learning.

3. Duration of the course

            Three years

             First year- structured taught course- 44 weeks

            Second year- Block posting (Microbiology- 12 weeks)

            Third year-    Block posting (Microbiology- 12 weeks)

4. Training  Programme

    4.1  (First Year Course)     programme structure (6 hrs/week)              

       1. General Microbiology               3 weeks           (18 hours)

       2. Systematic Bacteriology           9 weeks           (54 hours)

        3. Immunology                             8 weeks           (48 hours)

        4. Virology                                    8 weeks           (48 hours)

        5. Mycology                                  4 weeks           (24 hours)

        6. Parasitology                              8 weeks           (48 hours)

        7. Applied Microbiology              3 weeks           (18 hours)

       8. Public Health Microbiology     1 weeks           (6 hours)

4.2. Second Year Course

Block Postings     (12 weeks)                                                      

1. Clinical Microbiology Section, Teaching Hospitals   
2. Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Magway

4.3. Third Year Course

BlockPosting (12weeks)                                                    

Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Magway                                                    

5.  Assessment

     .

5.1. Assessment (First year)

      Formative Assessment

 A continuous assessment will be made during the course.

• Written assignments
• Class tests after completion of each displine

  

Summative Assessment at the end of first year

              A common Final Examination after completion of first year  for the standardization of all universities in which a convener system is adopted.

              Final Examination will consist of equal contributions from the Chairpersons of the M.Med.Sc (Pathology) Board of Studies (Microbiology) of each University, that is, University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine (Mandalay), University of Medicine 2 ,  University of Medicine (Magway), University of Medicine( Taunggyi) and Defence Services Medical Academy,

Types of question

              A choice of 4 out of 5 Essay Questions. 

Final Examination will consist of  5 questions-

1.  Bacteriology  - 1
2. Immunology  - 1
3. Virology        - 1
4. Parasitology   - 1
5. Add notes – a, b, c, d ( General Microbiology, Applied Microbiology, _Immunology or  Virology, Mycology

      Total Time allowed - 3 hours     

1. Marking Scheme for each paper

Theory - 100 marks for each question

5.2. Formative Assessment (Second Year)

A continuous assessment will be made during the Second year course.

• Written assignments
• Class test after completion of block posting

5.3. Formative Assessment (Third Year)

       Theory and practical test

        Summative Assessment at the end of third year

A common Final Examination after completion of third year  for the standardization of all universities in which a convener system is adopted.

              Final Examination will consist of equal contributions from the Chairpersons of the M.Med.Sc (Pathology) Board of Studies (Microbiology) of each University, that is, University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine (Mandalay) , University of Medicine 2 ,  University of Medicine (Magway), University of Medicine( Taunggyi) and Defence Services Medical Academy,

Types of question

              A choice of 4 out of 5 Essay Questions. 

Final Examination will consist of 5 questions-

1.  Bacteriology  - 1
2. Immunology  - 1
3. Virology        - 1
4. Parasitology   - 1
5. Add notes – a, b, c, d ( General Microbiology, Applied Microbiology,    

   Immunology or Virology, Mycology)

              Total Time allowed - 3 hours       

2. Marking Scheme for each paper

Theory - 100 marks for each question

                 

            Practical (Convener system)

              (a) Components- 4 components (Bacteriology, Immunology, Parasitology, 

                              Virology)

                    - Same practical for each candidate

              (b) Time allowed  - 3 hours

              (c) Marking Scheme

                  - 100 marks for each component

                  - Total 100%

              Viva

              Grand Viva

1. Number of Viva stations/tables

- Only one grand viva table in the Professor/Head’s room.

     - All examiners (co-examiners and external examiners) must be present for each and every candidate.

2. Total time allowed – 20 minutes for each candidate.

 (5 minutes for each of the 4 main component)

3. Marking scheme – 100 marks for each component.
   • All professors from the Microbiology Departments of other 

     Universities of Medicine will be co-examiners.

• • Representatives from Hospital Laboratories will also be co-examiners

-   Two external examiners

              (4) Weightage for Each Paper

     (1) Class work – formative assessment will not be included in the final count   

          but will be taken into consideration.

     (2) Theory – 100 marks for each paper

     (3) Practical – 100 marks for each component – Final 100%

     (4) Viva voce – 100 marks for each component – Final 100%

     Pass Marks              – 60 marks

Compartment system will be implemented. Students must pass in all compartments (theory, practical and viva compartment).

5.4. Supplementary/Second attempt

              The supplementary examination will be held within a period of 6 mths after  

               the third year examination.

 (E) Microbiology teaching for M.Med.Sc (Preventive and Tropical Medicine)

1. Title of the Course: M.Med.Sc (Preventive and Tropical Medicine)

Began in 2016 at the University of Medicine, Magway

2. Aim & Objectives

Aim: To provide postgraduate candidates with an overview of the clinical and microbiological aspects of bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology and immunology and the application of these subjects to clinical and preventive medicine.

Objectives

1. To impart up-date knowledge in bacteriology, virology, immunology parasitology, mycology applied microbiology and public health microbiology.
2. To teach laboratory skills in the above disciplines at the university and at affiliated places of learning.

3. Training Programme

Programme structure - First Year Course:

Total - 120 Hrs

6 Hrs/ day x 5 days/week x 4 weeks = 120 Hrs

Lectures or Discussion – 99 Hrs

Practical – 8 Hrs

Class Test – 7 Hrs

Revisions – 6 Hrs

Contents

- General Microbiology, Systematic Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology, Applied Microbiology, Medical Entomology,

 4. Assessment

Formative Assessment: A continuous assessment will be made during the first year course.

• Written assignments
• Class tests after completion of each discipline.

Summative Assessment

Theory

Type of question MSQ

Total Time allowed -3 hours

Marking Scheme for each paper

Theory – 10 marks for each question

Practical

1. Components

•  4 components (Bacteriology, Immunology, Parasitology, Virology)

2. Time allowed -2 hours
3. Marking Scheme

100 marks for each component

 Total 100%

Final Practical

1. Spot diagnosis
2. Staining
3. Rapid test
4. Stool examination

Viva

Grand Viva

1. Number of Viva stations/ tables

• Only one Viva table
• All Examiners (Co-examiners and External Examiners) must be present for each and every candidate.

2. Total time allowed -20 minutes for each candidate ( 5 minutes for each Discipline)
3. Marking Scheme – 100 marks

• All Heads from the Microbiology Department of other University of Medicine will be co-examiners.
• Two external examiners.
• 100 marks for each discipline – Total 100%

Theory - 50%, Practical -15%, Viva - 35%

Compartment system will be adopted.

Pass Marks – 60 marks

Supple Examination/ Second attempt

            The supplementary examination will be held within a period of 6 weeks or 6 months after the final examination.

(F) Microbiology teaching for Diploma in Nursing

1. Title of the Course: Diploma in Nursing

Began in 2019 at the University of Medicine, Magway

2. Course Description

Basic knowledge, concepts and practical aspects of general microbiology, systematic bacteriology, immunology, virology, parasitology, mycology, public health microbiology and applied microbiology

Aim

This course aims to equip students with basic knowledge of microbiology and parasitology to apply in nursing practice.

Objectives

At the end of the course, the learners must be able to:

1. categorize the characteristics of microorganisms in causing infections commonly encountered in Myanmar
2. explain the mode of transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and control of these infections
3. evaluate the host’s reactions towards specific antigenic stimuli
4. analyze preventive and control measures of infectious diseases common in Myanmar
5. describe how to properly collect specimen
6. recognize the important role of microbiology in preventive, diagnostic and curative aspects
7. adhere the value of personal and environmental hygiene in hospital and community settings

3. Training Programme

Programme structure

First Year Course: Total 32 Hrs

Contents

1. Classifications of microorganism
2. Common laboratory methods for diagnosis of infectious diseases
3. Microorganisms causing infections of central nervous system
4. Microorganisms causing respiratory tract infections
5. Microorganisms causing infections of cardiovascular system
6. Microorganisms causing gastrointestinal tract infections
7. Microorganisms causing reproductive tract infections (sexually transmitted infections)
8. Microorganisms causing transfusion transmitted infections
9. Immunity
10. Vector - borne infections (Causal organisms and responsible vectors)
11. Zoonotic infections (Causal organisms, animal source and mode of transmission)
12. Tetanus, Measles, Mumps and Diphtheria
13. Sterilization and Disinfection
14. Collection and Transportation of Clinical Specimens

 4. Assessment

Summative Assessment

Theory

Type of question MCQ and MSQ

Total Time allowed - 2 hours

Mid-term Exam – 50%

Final Exam – 50%

Pass Marks –50 marks

 (G) Doctorate course - Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology)

Microbiology Department conducted the Ph.D. course in January, 2018.

1. Title of the course -     Ph.D. (Medical Microbiology)

2. Aims and objectives

1. To provide microbiologists with specialized knowledge and skills essential for the pursuit of teaching, research practice and laboratory administration in the fields of bacteriology, virology, mycology, immunology, parasitology, entomology and environmental microbiology.

2. To produce highly qualified academicians and researchers in Microbiology comparable to international standards.

3. Duration of the course

            The minimum length of time required will be 3 years. After 3 year candidate will have to return to mother unit.  However, maximum extension of up to 1 more year (total 4 years) will be permitted for the candidate to continue his/her research programme. If, at the end of 4 years, the course is not completed, the candidature will be terminated.

4. Content

Modules

Within First three months, during first two weeks -Common module comprising of:

                                                   Basic and applied statistics

                           Medical ethics

                           Research Ethics

                           Evidence based medicine

                           History of Medicine

                           Clinical Epidemiology

                           Introduction to Information Technology

                           TRIPS impact on health sector

                           Medical Audit

                           Management science and HSR concept, Research       Method

                           Current Health Plan including NHP

                           Health economics and Health care financing 

Second three months     - Literature review and selection of research topic

                                       -  keep portfolio and submit monthly to chairman of Ph. D committee

                                       -  discuss topic selection at the end of 6^th month

Log Book & Checklist

This course comprises of research work, presentation and writing up of the thesis. Candidates are required to submit their progress of research work, to perform presentation on related research topic on April and August by candidate and weightage is 20%. Weekly submission of Log Book with research plan by candidate.

Submit the thesis protocol to Board of Studies:

Candidates are required to submit the research protocol before the end of the first year of candidature.

Submit the thesis protocol to Research and Ethical Committee

Research work

             After approval, the research work will commence under the constant guidance of the supervisor. A portfolio is mandatory.

Research Programme

There is no formal programme of study and each student is assigned to a supervisor who arranges a course of study and research to suit the student's individual requirements subject to availability of resources.

Thesis

            A thesis for the Ph. D. degree must form a distinct contribution to the knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality shown by the discovery of new facts.

Termination of Candidature

A candidate whose progress is not satisfactory may be required to terminate his/ her candidature at any time during the course.

Board of Postgraduate Studies (Ph. D.)

            The Board of Postgraduate Studies shall comprise the following:-

Patron              -           Rector of University of Medicine

                        -           Pro- rector of University of Medicine

Chairperson    -           Professor/Head of Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 

Members         -           Professors (Heads) of Departments of Microbiology,                                                                         University of Medicine (1),

University of Medicine (Mandalay),

University of Medicine (2),

University of Medicine (Magway),

 University of Medicine -Taunggyi

Defense Services Medical Academy.

                        -           Clinical Professor of the Departments of Medicine, Surgery,                                                     Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology.

                        -           Representatives from the Department of Medical Research                                                       -            Representatives from the National Health Laboratory/ PHL,                                                            -           Representatives from the Department of Food and Drug Administration

                        -           Professors of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine

Secretary         -           Professor (or) Associate Professor (or) Senior Lecturer from                                                  the Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Magway.

 This Board will be under the jurisdiction of the Academic Board of the respective University.

Functions of the Board of Postgraduate Studies (Ph. D)

1.         Appointment of appropriate supervisors and placement of candidates.

2.         Appointment of Board of Examiners.

3.         Facilitation of activities pertaining to the Ph.D. programme in Microbiology

 

Board of Examiners

            Each candidate is to be assessed by a Board of Examiners consisting of three examiners. They should be Ph. D. degree or equivalent degree holders or reputed experts in Microbiology. External examiners from abroad may be included.

            No other person must be present at the time of the examination.

           Two jury members probably involved in University Academic Body should be appointed.

Assessment of courses

            Course work at Ph. D level mainly confined to a list of topics to be covered by the necessity for taking research work in general as well as the specific area. The assessment of the thesis will reflect the student's performance throughout the course. However, a program of assessing the quality and progress of research includes scholarly activities such as research seminars, presentation, teaching and publication.

            The thesis should be submitted at least three month prior to the maximum candidature date with the agreement of the supervisor.

            The examination Committee shall comprise one co – examiners, one external examiner plus the chief examiner (in general the head of department) who will examine the thesis.

            The rector of the University should take the role of chief, if the head of respective subject is not a Ph. D. holder. Any person who has acted, as the candidate's Principal or Associate Supervisor may not be nominated by the faculty as an examiner.

            Examiners must have a Ph. D and experience in the relevance field and be widely recognized in the relevant field.

            If possible at least one of the nominated examiners should be from an internationally recognized university or equivalent research institution. At least one examiner must also have had substantial experience of examining research degree candidates at the doctorate level. Give 4-8 weeks of receipt to examine the thesis. If any previously nominated examiner is unable to examine the thesis, a replacement examiner must be nominated by the chairman of the board with the agreement of the respective Ph. D committee member.

The thesis should be fulfilled with the following statement:

-     The thesis makes an original and significant contribution to the field research

-     The methodology applied in the candidate's research is effective and appropriate for the thesis topic and the Ph.D.

-     The thesis reflects competence in the survey of literature and documentation of statements

-     The thesis is of the required standard for external examination.

-     The thesis is within the prescribed format.

-     Acknowledgment is given for any substantial assistance received in terms of reagents and equipments and training.

Six copies of the thesis, in the prescribed format must be submitted to the board of examiners no later than maximum candidature date.

 

Assessment of oral defense

The candidate is expected to defend most if not all aspects of his or her work, and also demonstrate adequate knowledge of the related theoretical background, and  systematic, logical and critical thinking process. The candidate must bring the log book and other relevant materials such as raw and analyzed data and original journals/monographs or their photocopies cited in the thesis.

Each examiner will be asked to provide a written report to the Board of Examiners on the candidate's thesis and to recommend one of the following courses of action:

Recommendation 1: the candidate should be awarded the degree after minor amendments

Recommendation 2: the candidate should be awarded the degree following the completion of major amendments

 

Recommendation 3: The thesis should be totally rejected and the degree should not be awarded.

 

Re-examination

A candidate who is required to submit for reexamination may be re-examined only once.

Re-examination shall take place within twelve months from the date on which the candidate is advised in writing by the chief examiner or nominee of such re-examination.

The thesis shall be re-examined by the same examiners unless: any of the examiners is unable to re-examine the thesis in which case rector or nominee with the agreement of the Principal Supervisor.

Examiners Re-examination a thesis will be asked to provide a written report on the candidate's thesis and to recommend one of the following course of action.

-     The candidate should be awarded the degree with or without minor nominated revision; or

-     The thesis should be rejected and the degree should not be awarded.

 

Criteria for pass/fail /credit /distinction

A score of;

60% is considered as passed (thesis accepted with or without minor amendments)

70% is   considered as passed with credit

80% is   considered as passed with distinction

Candidates who failed to score 60%in the examination must rewrite and submit their thesis within 6 months.

Weightage of Thesis (80%)

      - Thesis writing - 60%

      - Oral defense - 20%

Continuous assessment - 20%

Assessment of submitted Thesis

The thesis, which must be written in a format recommended by the University , should make some contribution towards scientific knowledge of the discipline , and generate at least one-author research paper publishable in scientific journals.

Assessment should be based on the followings;

(a) a scientific and rational approach in solving the research problem

(b) a critical ,adequate and up-to-date review of relevant literature

(c) appropriate experiment design

(d) validity of the methods/techniques used

(e) application of appropriate statistical methods

(f) appropriate use of text ,tables and figures in presentation of results

(g) unbiased logical discussion on the significance of results and their significance

/implications

(h) ability to draw relevant conclusions

(i) proper citation and referencing of literature

 

11. Activities

Continuing Medical Education Programme at Department of Microbiology